Life begins with receiving the breath of life
The breath of life “neshamah” is first mentioned in the story of Creation. “And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living being” (Genesis 2:7). From God, the life-giving principle, the breath of life entered the lifeless body of Adam. Thus, the agency by which the spark of life was transferred to his body was the “breath” of God. When the lifeless form of man was infused with this divine “breath,” “neshamah”, of life, man became a living “soul.”
The same idea is mentioned in Job 33:4, “The breath [neshamah] of the almighty hath given me life.” Given to man, the “breath” is equal to his life; it is life itself. Isaiah presents the same truth, “Sever yourselves from such a man, whose breath is in his nostrils; For of what account is he?” (Isaiah 2:22).
body (dust) + breath (or spirit) = life (soul)
Life ends with the departure of the breath of life
At death, there is “no breath [neshamah, life] left in him” (1 Kings 17:17). Solomon wrote, “Then the dust will return to the earth as it was, and the spirit will return to God who gave it” (Ecclesiastes 12:7). That which here returns to God is simply the life principle given by Him. The body turns to dust again, and the spirit goes back to God, who gave it. The spirit of every person who dies—whether saved or unsaved—returns to God at death. It cannot therefore be the mind or intelligence. It is simply breath and nothing more.
body (dust) – breath (or spirit) = death (not a soul)
All creatures have the same breath of life
This “breath of life” doesn’t differ from the “breath of life” in animals, for all receive their life from God (Genesis 7:21, 22). “For what happens to the sons of men also happens to animals; one thing befalls them: as one dies, so dies the other. Surely, they all have one breath; man has no advantage over animals, for all is vanity” (Ecclesiastes 3:19).
The living soul
When the lifeless form of man was infused with this divine “breath,” neshamah, of life, man became a living “soul,” nephesh. The word nephesh has a variety of meanings:
- Breath (Job 41:21)
- Life (1 Kings 17:21; 2 Samuel 18:13; etc.).
- Heart as the center of affections (Genesis 34:3; Song of Solomon 1:7; etc.)
- Living being (Genesis 12:5; 36:6; Leviticus 4:2; etc.)
- For emphasizing the personal pronouns (Psalms 3:2; 1 Samuel 18:1; etc.)
Please notice that the “nephesh” is made by God (Jeremiah 38:16), and can die (Judges 16:30), be killed (Numbers 31:19), be eaten (metaphorically, Ezekiel 22:25), be redeemed (Psalms 34:22), and be refreshed (Psalms 19:7). None of this applies to the spirit, “ruach,” indicating clearly the big difference between the two words.
It is clear from the above examination that the translation “soul” given by the KJV to the “nephesh” in Genesis 2:7 is incorrect, if the commonly used expression “immortal soul” be implied. Although popular, the idea of the immortality of the soul is not taught in the Scriptures. Therefore, Genesis 2:7 may correctly be translated: “Man became a living being” (RSV). When “soul” is considered synonymous with “being,” we get the Scriptural meaning of “nephesh” in Genesis 2:7.
For a study on the state of the dead, check the following link: The Intermediate State
In His service,
BibleAsk Team
